Researchers at the University of Nicosia found that parenthood is not associated with higher levels of positive emotions or life satisfaction compared to not having children. The study also indicated that parents report lower relationship satisfaction than non-parents. The researchers suggested that previous positive links between parenthood and happiness may be due to relationship status rather than parenthood itself.
A separate study from the University of Berlin found that having more children than desired is linked to lower life satisfaction. Dr Laura Buchinger, lead author, said exceeding one's fertility desires was robustly linked to lower wellbeing in both women and men. The study noted that mothers are responsible for more than 70% of household tasks, while fathers handle just 43%, which may contribute to the burden.
Exceeding one's fertility desires was robustly linked to lower wellbeing in both women and men.
The University of Nicosia researchers acknowledged a small increase in sense of purpose for women with children, but described the difference as minimal. Overall, they concluded that parenthood has a neutral or very small impact on hedonic wellbeing and life satisfaction.
Our results suggest that the stronger sociocultural expectations placed on women are offset by the heavier burdens of motherhood.
By contrast, women without children have more time for career pursuits, financial independence, and the development of social networks and hobbies – all factors linked to healthy aging.